western civ blog #4

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Quiz 1 Study Guide



Fertile Crescent- A curved area of land facing the Mediterranean Sea and Mesopotamia known for its richness
Mesopotamia- Land between tigris and Euphrates rivers, left silt/ fertile mud after flooding, allowing good soil for crops
City-State- Cities developed and created their own governments with their own rulers, these city-states functioned similar to modern countries
Dynasty- A series of rulers from a single family
Cultural Diffusion- The spread of ideas and products from one culture to another, occurred in Sumer with the Akkadians.
Polytheism- Belief in many gods
Empire- Brings together several peoples, nations, or previously independent states under the control of one ruler.
Hammurabi-A Babylonian king who created Hammurabi's code.
Hammurabi's code- A code of laws that enforced an "eye for an eye" rule and regulations for divorce, marriage, and punishments. Caused people to not want to commit crimes, acted as a deterrent
silt- fertile mud created by the floods of the tigris and Euphrates rivers
Ziggurats- temples created by the Sumerians for sacrifice, meetings, and worship.
Cuneiform- Sumerian writing system, allowed for records to be kept of discoveries.

What were some challenges that the Sumerians had to overcome?
-Unpredictable flooding and extremely dry periods, crops could be destroyed or not be able to grow
-No natural defense barriers to protect civilization
-Limited natural resources and building materials
-Scarce necessary items

How did they overcome these challenges?
-Dug irrigation ditches to carry river water to fields
-Built city walls with mud bricks
-traded grain, cloth, and crafted tools with nearby civilizations to obtain more materials

What five key characteristics set Sumer apart from other early civilizations
1) advanced cities
2) specialized workers
3) complex institutions
4) record keeping
5) improved technology

Ages:
Paleolithic age: earliest prehistoric age in human history
Neolithic/Stone Age: led to advancements in agriculture and led to more permanent settlements rather than people moving from place to place to hunt and gather food. Advanced tools were also created.


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